Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay

Frankenstein and cutting edge sprinter article Which content improve speaks to the estimations of the writer? You should allude to the two messages in detail Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner are two writings from various hundreds of years, however the two of them share similar qualities, subjects and issues including; the regular world, logical progression, profound quality of people and obligation. The two writings utilize an assortment of methods to speak to their qualities, topics and issues. The methods utilized in the two writings are intelligent of their specific circumstance and can unequivocally speak to the estimations of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was written in 1818. This was where sentimentalism was creating, a period which concentrated on the sublimity of nature and on the person. This subject is apparent all through the novel and is utilized to underscore the feelings of the characters and to recommend the intensity of nature for both excellence and devastation. Shelley frequently utilizes the sublimity of nature as a stimulating gadget for victor, â€Å"when upbeat, lifeless nature had the intensity of presenting on me the most great sensations. A tranquil sky and verdant fields filled me with happiness. The current season was without a doubt divine; the blossoms of spring sprouted in the fences, while those of summer were at that point in bud. † Vivid symbolism is utilized here to light up the quietness and consideration of the superb nature that is continually encompassing victor. Shelley has additionally outlined this thought further by the utilization of similar sounding word usage, â€Å"serene sky†, to catch how consummate the world is around then, which fortifies the tranquility of nature and how victor feels when he is encircled by the common world. Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner is set in a debased 21st century world. Also to Frankenstein, the regular world is clear however in Blade Runner it is viewed as the unnatural world. In the main all encompassing shot, the crowd sees a decimated world, a dull modern urban no man's land which is intensely contaminated. Visual incongruity is made here as it is intended to be Los Angeles, which implies â€Å"city of angels†, yet we see that it looks progressively like hellfire. We see that nature has been crushed. Creatures are uncommon and are assumed terminated, in spite of the fact that the unicorn is viewed as a characteristic animal in a characteristic setting. The unicorn represents the uncertainty of expectation, opportunity and soul. There is no indication of any trees or plants aside from a smaller than usual Bonsai tree representing keeps an eye on innate want to control nature to fit in with what mankind accepts is a superior variant. We likewise observe steady murkiness and downpour, which is known as film noir and are the main angles the crowd sees when in an outside scene. The all encompassing shot and film noir estimate the normal is presently off world, that there is not all that much, which makes a dystopian tone. Shelley’s world was pushing ahead into the bearing of industrialisation, investigation and logical research. This is passed on through characters, for example, Victor, Walton and Clerval who are on the whole looking, investigating and endeavoring to make a revelation. We find in the beginning of the book Victor has an enthusiasm for common way of thinking, â€Å"natural reasoning is the virtuoso that has directed my destiny. † The utilization of representation recommends that characteristic way of thinking is an individual that Victor worships and needs to know all that he can about it making his advantage transform into a fixation. I got mixed up with giganticness of the possibility which it delineated, as shocked, that among such a large number of men of virtuoso who had coordinated their enquiries towards a similar science, that only i ought to be held to find so bewildering a mystery. † This statement builds up that Victor is astute and can mentally break obst ructions past those that have ever been broken and find the wellspring of life. Thus, presently having the option to make his ‘monster’. Essentially in Scott’s film we see that 21st century L. An is about logical movement and progressions in innovation. It is a world dependent on trade, as should be obvious all through the whole film through the zeppelin that advances going off world and large divider signs I. e. the Asian woman taking pills. Innovation is additionally used to distinguish what is and isn’t human I. e. the Voight Komph test. Bodiless voices are utilized on the road I. e. when going across streets it says â€Å"walk† and â€Å"don’t walk†. Every one of these parts of innovation are a method of controlling the number of inhabitants in L. A. Logical movement is seen through Tyrell, a researcher, who is the maker of all replicant things I. e. people and creatures. â€Å"Commerce is our objective here and our maxim is more human than human†, this statement was said by Tyrell and ponders Tyrell’s mentality towards life. He plays the job of God, making life attempting to make the replicants more brilliant and more grounded than genuine people, feeling as if he is prevailing over every other person on the planet. This is appeared through upwards tilt of the camera on Tyrell’s building, causing him to seem bigger or more every other person. Victor Frankenstein doesn't genuinely think about of anticipate the results of his logical journey to make life, nor does he assume the ethical liability for his creation a while later. Victor ceaselessly legitimizes why he won't assume liability for his creation, which is exclusively on the grounds that he doesn’t need to implicate himself and be rebuffed, in spite of the fact that he expressed â€Å" another species would favor me as its make and source; numerous glad and brilliant natures would owe their being to me. This shows Victor’s absence of ethical quality and uncovers his sense of self using questionable storyteller. Scott’s film raises worries of logical headways and its absence of profound quality and duty regarding those it influences. Edge Runner speaks to its qualities through uncertainty. Sharp edge Runner surrenders it over to the viewer’s own judgment of profound quality and duty inside the film. A case of this is using cinematography i n the scene where Deckard ‘retires’ Zhora. Bystanders stroll past without indicating any worry or feeling to what has occurred. The absence of profound quality and duty stirs profound feelings of outrage and aversion. Scott isn't as emphatic in speaking to his qualities as Shelley may be. Using camera shots, cinematography and incongruity he effectively speaks to his qualities yet using vagueness he leaves things for translation from the watchers. Because of the equivocalness present in Blade Runner, a few watchers might be not able to distinguish the qualities that are available, so in this manner the qualities expressed in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein are better spoken to.

The Film named The Official Story is about Terror in Argentina in the Essay

The Film named The Official Story is about Terror in Argentina during the 1980s - Essay Example The film starts in a set up of a family. The spouse (Alicia) being a History educator and the husband a well off specialist. The family had received a little youngster named Analia Castro (Gaby) (Roger Ebert, 1985). A period comes that Alicia begins considering Gaby’s genuine guardians. She had been every now and again cautioned about it by her better half. The spouse was completely mindful of the entire story of selection however was uninformed about it. Alicia begins an exploration after a companion comes back from banish. She winds up knowing the grandma to Gaby; Chela Ruiz (Sara). The grandma clarifies the historical backdrop of the youngster and how the guardians vanished. The plot of the film recommends that Sara may not be the genuine grandma and the genuine guardians might be obscure. The film closes with a family struggle in light of the fact that Alicia demands following the guardians of the young lady (Roger Ebert, 1985). The movie won numerous honors notwithstanding it being coordinated by a youthful executive matured 39. This was the primary move coordinated by Luis Puenzo. Reports from analysts’ express that the film has a decent stream and plot too. The name of the film has some analysis as well. The name is Official Story, yet it has numerous excruciating portrayals (Roger Ebert, 1985). Dread is the primary subject in the film. Enormous killings occurred because of political contrasts and this caused gigantic killings and languishing. Many were rendered vagrants, Gaby being a perfect model. It additionally prompted family clashes, for example, what we find in the

General principles Essay Example for Free

General standards Essay 1. Film hypothesis is the means by which we study motion pictures based general standards. It fills in as a model for getting films and their various implications. It is seeing film utilizing a specific viewpoint, much like utilizing various methodologies in examining writing. Film analysis then, is centered more around the aesthetic worth and intrigue of the film to the review open. It has two structures: audits for the regular watcher and basic articles for researchers. 2. Pragmatist hypothesis clarifies that our encounters can be copied in films by the assistance of true to life language and innovation, which means motion pictures as a portrayal of the real world. Formalist hypothesis clarifies films are in excess of a portrayal of the real world. The film craftsmen offer structure to reality 3. Express significance is the thing that the film presents on a superficial level. Which means the film obviously shows what it is attempting to extend, watchers immediately get it absent a lot of exertion. Verifiable importance is the message inside the film that isn't self-evident. It is the significance behind the activities of the film. It is the message of the movie producer that requires pretty much basic examination. 4. Mimesis is the Greek word for the imitative portrayal of the world in craftsmanship and writing. It is essentially the savagery depicted in films, proposing that it is a piece of the real world. Katharsis (purgation) advanced by Aristotle in his Poetics, then again is the thing that Aristotle used to portray catastrophe, it produces feelings of pity and dread. 5. Kathrarsis (cleansing) implies purgation or decontamination. Aristotle utilized this Greek expression in his meaning of a disaster in his Poetics, he said that catastrophe must have katharsis, which means disasters should deliver feelings of pity and dread from the crowd. Searching for purification in motion pictures is gainful on the grounds that it can either have a positive or negative impact on the watchers. 6. Belief system doesn't just mean a thought. Belief system implies an assortment of related thoughts, how people see life and culture. In film, belief system is the thoughts of people, gathering, class, or culture that mirrors their social needs and goals. Ideological importance in films is the convictions portrayed in it. It is the conviction of the producers, the conviction of the characters, or the population’s conviction during the film was made. Women's liberation, Marxism, and social examinations are viewed as ideological speculations since they speak to thoughts that endeavor to clarify how individuals and social orders work. 7. Auteur hypothesis expresses that the executive is the creator of a film. Its application has two structures: the chief is decided by taking a gander at all the movies the individual in question has made all in all, taking a gander at style. The other is a grouping of incredible chiefs dependent on a chain of importance of styles. The executive probably guided various movies to be an auteur. The style of the chief ought to be as one of a kind as novelist’s 8. Type study is the way toward seeing some essential methods of how class capacities to create intriguing evaluates of type films. The development of significant film sorts made producers cognizant about kind history and shows, in this way the changes, farces, spin-offs, and hybridization that we see today. 9. The investigation of the marvel (or workmanship) known as film and contemplating film utilizing a specific point of view or approach are engaged with the investigation of film history. 10. Stylish methodology assesses motion pictures and chiefs by taking a gander at how creative they and their movies are. It is some of the time called the perfect work of art approach or incredible man approach. Social methodologies assess motion pictures on the measures of how critical they are according to the general public. Questions when assessing film are: What is the film’s noteworthiness to the general public? What social issues does it present? what's more, on the off chance that it gives arrangements.

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Eleven Free Essays

Things to think about the life of Zoe, on the Magellan. In the first place, John and Jane’s ground breaking strategy to shield the adolescent young men from executing themselves or others had exactly the intended effect, which implied I hesitantly needed to admit to Dad he’d accomplished something keen, which he appreciated most likely more than he ought to have. Each of the dodgeball groups turned into their own little gathering, counterpointing with the effectively settled gatherings of children from previous provinces. We will compose a custom article test on Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Eleven or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now It may have been an issue in the event that everybody just changed their clan devotion to their groups, since then we’d have quite recently subbed one kind of gathering idiocy for another. Be that as it may, the children despite everything felt loyalty to their homeworld companions too, in any event one of whom was probably going to be on a restricting dodgeball group. It kept everybody agreeable, or if nothing else kept a portion of the more forcefully moronic children under wraps until everybody could get over the desire to start ruckuses. Or on the other hand so it was disclosed to me by Dad, who kept on being satisfied with himself. â€Å"So you can perceive how we weave an unobtrusive snare of relational connection,† he said to me, as we watched one of the dodgeball games. â€Å"Oh, Lord,† Savitri, who was sitting with us, said. â€Å"The vanity here is going to make me gag.† â€Å"You’re simply envious that you didn’t think it up,† Dad said to Savitri. â€Å"I thought it up,† Savitri said. â€Å"Part of it, in any case. I and Jane assisted with this arrangement, as I’m sure you review. You’re simply taking all the credit.† â€Å"These are abominable lies,† Dad said. â€Å"Ball,† Savitri stated, and we as a whole dodged as a runaway ball ricocheted into the group. Whoever thought it up, the dodgeball plot had side advantages. After the second day of the competition, the groups began having their own signature melodies, as colleagues riffled through their music assortments to discover tunes that would get them provoked up. What's more, this was the place we found a genuine social hole: Music that was famous on one world was totally incredible on another. The children from Khartoum were tuning in to chango-soca, the ones from Rus were profound into groundthump, etc. Truly, they all had great beats, and you could move to them, yet on the off chance that you need to get somebody wild-peered toward and foamy, you should simply propose that your preferred music was better than theirs. Individuals were whipping out their PDAs and lining up their melodies to come to their meaningful conclusions. What's more, in this manner started the Great Magellan Music War: All of us arranged our PDAs together and irately began causing playlists of our preferred music to tell the best way to our music was unquestionably the best music ever. In an exceptionally brief timeframe I was presented to chango-soca and groundthump as well as kill-drill, ramble, haploid, upbeat move (unexpectedly named, as it turned out), smear, nuevopop, tone, exemplary tone, Erie step, doowa capella, shaker and some truly whacked-out stuff asserted to be waltz however fundamentally missing three-quarter time or in reality any unmistakable time signature supposedly. I tuned in to everything with a reasonable psyche, at that point told every one of their defenders I felt sorry for them since they had never been presented to Huckleberry Sound, and conveyed my very own playlist. â€Å"So you make your music by choking cats,† Magdy stated, as he tuned in to â€Å"Delhi Morning,† one of my main tunes, with me, Gretchen and Enzo. â€Å"That’s sitar, you monkey,† I said. â€Å"‘Sitar’ being the Huckleberry word for ‘strangled cats,'† Magdy said. I went to Enzo. â€Å"Help me out here,† I said. â€Å"I’m must go with the feline choking theory,† Enzo said. I smacked him on the arm. â€Å"I thought you were my friend.† â€Å"I was,† Enzo said. â€Å"But now I know how you treat your pets.† â€Å"Listen!† Magdy said. The sitar part had quite recently emerged from the blend and was suspended, grievously, over the scaffold of the tune. â€Å"Annnd in that spot is the point at which the feline kicked the bucket. Let it out, Zoe.† â€Å"Gretchen?† I glanced over to my last, closest companion, who might consistently protect me against Philistines. Gretchen glanced over to me. â€Å"That poor cat,† she stated, and afterward giggled. At that point Magdy got the PDA and pulled up some awful shaker commotion. For the record, â€Å"Delhi Morning† doesn't seem as though choked felines. It truly doesn’t. They were all musically challenged or something. Especially Magdy. Musically challenged or not, be that as it may, the four of us were winding up hanging out. While Enzo and I were doing our moderate, entertained evaluating of one another, Gretchen and Magdy switched back and forth between being keen on one another and attempting to see exactly how low they could chop each other down verbally. In spite of the fact that you know how these things go. One likely prompted the other and the other way around. Also, I’m speculating hormones meant a ton; them two were attractive instances of blooming immaturity, which I believe is the most ideal approach to put it. The two of them appeared to endure a ton from one another in return for gaping and some light grabbing, which to be reasonable for Magdy was not so much uneven on his part, if Gretchen’s reports were to be accepted. With respect to Enzo and me, well, this is the manner by which we were getting along: â€Å"I made you something,† I stated, giving him my PDA. â€Å"You made me a PDA,† he said. â€Å"I constantly needed one.† â€Å"Goof,† I said. Obviously he had a PDA; we as a whole did. We would scarcely be teenagers without them. â€Å"No, click on the film file.† He did, and looked for a couple of seconds. At that point he positioned his head at me. â€Å"So, is the entire thing shots of me getting hit in the head with a dodgeball?† he inquired. â€Å"Of course not,† I said. â€Å"Some of them are of you getting hit in other places.† I took the PDA and ran my finger along the quick forward strip on the video player. â€Å"See, look,† I stated, indicating him the crotch shot he took before in the day. â€Å"Oh, great,† he said. â€Å"You’re adorable when you breakdown in throbbing misery,† I said. â€Å"I’m happy you think so,† he stated, obviously not as enthused as I might have been. â€Å"Let’s watch it again,† I said. â€Å"This time in moderate motion.† â€Å"Let’s not,† Enzo said. â€Å"It’s a difficult memory. I had plans for those things one day.† I felt a become flushed going ahead, and battled it back with mockery. â€Å"Poor Enzo,† I said. â€Å"Poor noisy voiced Enzo.† â€Å"Your compassion is overwhelming,† he said. â€Å"I think you like watching me get mishandled. You could present some exhortation instead.† â€Å"Move faster,† I said. â€Å"Try not to get hit so much.† â€Å"You’re helpful,† he said. â€Å"There,† I stated, squeezing the send button on the PDA. â€Å"It’s in your line now. So you can love it always.† â€Å"I barely recognize what to say,† he said. â€Å"Did you get me anything?† I inquired. â€Å"As a matter of fact,† Enzo stated, and afterward pulled out his PDA, punched up something, and gave the PDA to me. On it was another sonnet. I read it. â€Å"This is very sweet,† I said. It was really delightful, however I didn’t need to get soft on him, not after simply sharing video of him enduring a shot to his under locales. â€Å"Yes, well,† Enzo stated, reclaiming the PDA. â€Å"I composed it before I saw that video. Simply recollect that.† He squeezed his PDA screen. â€Å"There. In your line now. So you can cherish it always.† â€Å"I will,† I stated, and would. â€Å"Good,† Enzo said. â€Å"Because I get a great deal of maltreatment for those, you know.† â€Å"For the poems?† I said. Enzo gestured. â€Å"From whom?† â€Å"From Magdy, of course,† Enzo said. â€Å"He discovered me composing that one to you and derided the hellfire out of me for it.† â€Å"Magdy’s thought of a sonnet is a grimy limerick,† I said. â€Å"He’s not stupid,† Enzo said. â€Å"I didn’t state he was stupid,† I said. â€Å"Just vulgar.† â€Å"Well, he’s my best friend,† Enzo said. â€Å"What are you going to do.† â€Å"I think it’s sweet you stand up for him,† I said. â€Å"But I need to reveal to you that on the off chance that he derides you out of composing sonnets for me, I’m must kick his ass.† Enzo smiled. â€Å"You or your bodyguards?† he inquired. â€Å"Oh, I’d handle this one personally,† I said. â€Å"Although I may get Gretchen to help.† â€Å"I think she would,† Enzo said. â€Å"There’s no think included here,† I said. â€Å"I surmise I better continue keeping in touch with you sonnets, then,† Enzo said. â€Å"Good,† I stated, and tapped his cheek. â€Å"I’m happy we have these little conversations.† What's more, Enzo was on the up and up; two or three times each day I’d get another sonnet. They were for the most part sweet and interesting, and just a smidgen flaunting, on the grounds that he would send them in various sonnet positions: haiku and pieces and sestinas and a few structures I don’t realize what they’re called however you could see that they should be something. What's more, normally I would give them all to Gretchen, who made a decent attempt not to be intrigued. â€Å"The scan’s off on that one,† she stated, after she had perused one I appeared to her at one of the dodgeball games. Savitri had joined both of us to watch. She was on her break. â€Å"I’d dump him for that.† â€Å"It’s not off,† I said. â€Å"And at any rate he’s no

Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy - 4950 Words

Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy (Term Paper Sample) Content: Menopausal Hormone ReplacementStudent Name:Institution:ABSTRACT Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT) has continued to capture the interests of many scholars across the globe. Since its development and introduction in the market, HRT has helped women in overcoming some of the menopause-related physiological problems. The following is a comprehensive article on a review of the published literature on the intricacies of HRT. The literature covers the meaning of menopause and the onset, the resultant menopausal symptoms, history if the HRT use and its action mechanism. The literature also covers the HRT types, planning and initiation of HRT, monitoring of HRT, contraindications of HRT, and the benefits, as well as risks of the HRT. Importantly, it is clear from the published literature that many scholars have focused on examining the benefits or risks that menopausal women may have on the use of HRT. However, a lot is seemingly required to discover more about the relation b etween various diseases and HRT among the menopausal women. The article thus poses a challenge for any person interested in doing germane studies to try filling the gaps in the available literature.INTRODUCTION According to Villiers et al. (2013), the last 10 years have seen much confusion about the utilization of HRT. New evidence has occasionally challenged earlier accepted guidelines on HRT, particularly on the aspects of disease prevention and safety. The consequence of the controversies was the restriction of use of the therapy by many menopausal women. However, various menopausal societies have remained committed to producing and publishing comprehensive revised guidelines (Hingle,2005). Importantly, many clinicians have sought to understand the main benefits that women may get from using the HRT in order to juxtapose them against any proven risks and side effects (Villiers et al. 2013). Nevertheless, before delving deeper into the HRT and the studies done on them, it is nec essary to depict a brief overview of what menopause is while at the same time understanding its associated symptoms. Precisely, menopause normally involves the cessation of a womans menstruation and signifies the potential end of her reproductive capacity (Moulton, Hohenhaus Anvar, 2007). The event tentatively occurs when the woman is around 50 years of age although some occur prematurely before the woman is even 45 years of age (Bruno, 2007). Furthermore, premature menopause may occur following the removal of a womans ovaries if she undergoes hysterectomy. Notably, the ovaries begin ceasing their normal function at about 10 years prior to menopause. During that time, different physiological changes take place, including ovulation failure and a reduction in the production of luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone (Bruno, 2007). The aforementioned ovarian changes ultimately lead to amenorrhea and hence the diagnosis of menopause in a woman. Symptoms of Menopause Most of the menopausal symptoms result from estrogen deficiency secondary to the failure of the ovaries. Sometimes, it may be a little bit difficult for the physician to distinguish the symptoms from the ones caused by normal aging or from domestic and social pressures that middle-aged women face (Bruno, 2007). Precisely, the physical symptoms experienced include night sweating, hot flashes, and migraine or tension headaches (HHS, 2005). Consequently, the aforementioned temporary symptoms trigger insomnia and irritability among the menopausal women. Furthermore, a woman may suffer from osteoporosis due to prolonged or severe bone loss secondary to estrogen deficiency. Research indicates that around 35% of the women who have natural menopause suffer from osteoporosis (Bruno, 2007). From another perspective, menopausal women may experience various psychological symptoms, including anxiety, diminished energy, and tension (HHS, 2005). Other psychological symptoms may include difficulty in c oncentrating, stress and depression. Interestingly, several menopausal women report heightened libido because they are aware that they cannot conceive any longer. Nevertheless, emotional problems associated with menopause may lower the womens sexual activity. In the subsequent discussion, there is a comprehensive analysis of HRT use among the women who are approaching menopause, those who have reached menopause and those who are in their postmenopausal ages. Through the discussion, it will be possible to understand the history of HRT, the way the therapy works, the types of HRT in the market, the prescription, the monitoring and the benefits, as well as side effects associated with HRT. The literature covered is extremely important in indicating the main research developments made on the HRT. In particular, the information will help in unraveling the controversies associated with HRT use with respect to the published benefits and possible risks. In so doing, women will be able to u nderstand more about HRT as an important intervention in relieving menopause symptoms. DISCUSSIONHistory of the HRT Use The reduction in menopausal womens estrogen levels has interested scholars, patients and doctors for very many years (Hingle,2005). After its development in 1920s, synthetic estrogen started aiding in relieving various menopausal symptoms by mid-1930. By mid-1960, a book by name Feminine Forever advertized synthetic estrogen for the maintenance of femininity and youth (Brett Chong, 2001). The book was such a hit by late 1960s press and largely increased HRT demand. Nevertheless, HRT use started decreasing in 1970s when some scholars pinpointed its association with increased predisposition to endometrial cancer. Since 1980s, HRT use started going up again following the publication of research findings on the HRTs protective effects against osteoporosis, as well as heart disease (Brett Chong, 2001). Fortunately, the ameliorated treatment schedules, as well as effe ctive delivery systems for the HRT have increased its use in many American States. In order to reduce the users risk of developing endometrial cancer, scholars have emphasized on the need to prescribe lower estrogen doses while at the same time combining carefully with progesterone if the user has an intact uterus. In addition, the production of various HRT formulations, as well as dosing schedules allows doctors to better customize HRT to every patient (Brett Chong, 2001). Prevalence of HRT Use There are different studies examining HRT use in the world and in specific countries. Of great importance to note in the studies are the varying trends of HRT use. For instance, HRT in the U.S. has decreased over time perhaps owing to fears of the associated side effects. To highlight the trend, research indicates that from 2001 to 2002, total HRT prescription in the country reduced by 17% from 112.2-93.1 million reported prescriptions (Stagnitti Lefkowitz, 2011). Moreover, from 2001 to 2 003, total HRT prescription reduced by 45% from 112.2-61.3 million reported prescriptions. From another perspective, from 2001 to 2008, total HRT prescription reduced by 72% from 112.2-38.8 million reported prescriptions (Stagnitti Lefkowitz, 2011). In fact, in echoing the same trend, Canadian Institute for Health Information [CIHI] (2008) indicates that both combination and estrogen-only HRT use declined at around 14.7% yearly from 2001-2002, as well as from 2006-2007. Undoubtedly, the presented information is a clear indication of the fluctuating change in prevalence of the HRT use. HRT Action Mechanism Before delving into the way HRT works in menopausal women, it is necessary to understand the way the sex steroids function. In a womans reproductive age, progesterone and estrogen as the main female sex steroids normally result from ovarian steroidogenesis process, with minimal amounts secreted by peripheral compartments (adipose tissue and adrenals). The processes continue unti l the woman reaches menopause when she experiences a reduction in the ovarian synthesis (Voican et al. 2012). Consequently, serum levels of the sex steroids start relying on the peripherally produced steroids. In the normal reproductive age, ovarian sex steroid secretion follows the monthly cycle controlled by pituitary gonadotropins. The aforementioned central control depends on synchronized secretions of a persons hypothalamic Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), as well as of the pituitary gonadotropins (Voican et al. 2012). When sex steroids decrease in menopause, the negative feedback expected at the pituitary glands and hypothalamus stops hence leading to over-secretion of the gonadotropins, particularly the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Therefore, HRT pharmacological basis entails the compensation of the decreased estradiol production in the ovaries (Voican et al. 2012). The compensation works to limit any adverse events that may occur due to the deficiency of sex s teroids.
Figure adopted from Voican et al. (2012).HRT Types HRT can be systemic in nature or sometimes local. The two terms normally describe how and where the hormones function in the human body. With the systemic therapy, hormonal release occurs in the bloodstream after which the hormones travel to various body tissues and organs. The systemic types of estrogen comprise pills, gels, sprays, and skin patches applied to a womans skin (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2015).When the physicians prescribe progestin, they give it separately or in combination with estrogen as a single patch or pill. A woman who is taking the estrogen-only therapy should take it daily or after few days, contingent on the method of administration (Goodman et al. 2011). However, if a woman is taking the...

Common and widespread mental - Free Essay Example

Introduction: Depression is a common and widespread mental disorder affecting millions of people worldwide; [6] Thus, this review is mainly aimed to focus upon the action mechanisms, side effects, toxicity and the logical analytical approaches possibly used in forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites from biological test matrices. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant covers many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] Figure: Mechanism action of Monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAOIs), Tricyclic anti-deprassant (TCA) and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). According to the Monoamine Theory of Depression, (proposed by Schildkraut in 1965) the decrease in monoamine neurotransmission is thought to be responsible for inducing depression in an individual. Thus, medication with Antidepressantdrugs (TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, and SNRI etc.) rise in the amount of neurotransmitters. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and heterocyclic antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs) inhibit the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) by competing for the binding site of the amine transporter results in the increase levels of both NE (Norepinephrine) and 5HT (5-hydroxytryptamine or Serotonine) in the synaptic cleft. In addition to this the Monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAOIs) inhibits an enzyme MAO (monoamino oxidase) released from mitochondria (MO) which convert 5-HT to 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid (HIAA) and norepinephrine (NE) to 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy phenyl glycol (MHPG). This phenomenon increases the stores of NA and 5-HT thus contributes t o higher level of Neurotransmitters in Brain. [19] Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior, especially in children accompanying other depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might increase the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [19] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, increasing prescription rate and adverse effects of antidepressant drugs results in a growing interest for their determination from biological matrices, proved to be very helpful in the field of Forensic. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic Toxicology as it solves several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the field. The biological matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important and encountered biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood (plasma, serum). Toxicological effects can correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood which can be determined qualitatively [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs accompanying advantages that it forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen is the Oral fluid; for its applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When the analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window hair analysis makes a complementary approach for the detection of antidepressant drugs with the additional advantages that the hair sample can be stored at room temperature for a long time without degradation and it is easy to collect. [62] Except from all the above described biomatrices very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid mainly composed of water and hyaluronic acid (major component) found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. (Quoted reference) Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encountered for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation The bioanalytical methods form two basic approaches that are the sample preparation step and detection of the compound of interest. Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological matrices for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical seperations to reduce time and labor producing satisfactory results with high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range, contributing as very fine detection techniques. Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the serotonine (SERT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently using for therapeutic purposes. [108] Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug, [113] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug is Fluoxetine, using worldwide in the therapy of major depression. It is metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD) (Thesis- 103) and electron capture detector (ECD) (Thesis- 76), used for the rapid analysis of fluoxetine from biological samples, achieved detection limits up to nanogram level. Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonine reuptake inhibitor, [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonine, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [117] (Thesis-82) is also used for determination of venlafaxine, provided satisfactory results. In the majority of the published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography is applied in combination to different kinds of columns (operating under different separation conditions), mobile phases and detectors. High-performance liquid chromatography is described for the determination of selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and their metabolites in human plasma using fluorescence, mass and photo-diod array detector; Micellar liquid chromatography, the technique which allowed direct injection of biological samples, utilized appropriately selected surfactants in the mobile phase to maintain solubilization of interfering proteins of biological samples.Other than chromatography, separation technique like capillary electrophoresis after in-line solid-phase extraction is described for the analysis sertraline, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine from plasma samples. A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Analytical Method Matrix Analyte Extraction method Column Mobile phase Detector system Limit of detection/quantification (ng/L)/ analytical range References LC-MS Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine Automated SPE XTerra MS C18 Formic acid in methanol and water Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, m/z 310.3 and 296.2 resp.Linearity,0.5-50ng/mL for both the analyte. 81 LC-MS Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine On-line extraction using column switching Oasis HLB and Discovery HS C18 Formic acid in acetonitrile and water ESI, positive mode, SIM LOQ,25ng/ml for both . 141 LC- MS Hair citalopram and its metabolites liquid/liquid extraction narrow bore C18 _ Tandem mass spectrometre LOQ 25 pg/mg 61 HPLC Plasma Venlafaxine,desmethylvenlafaxine, N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine liquid-liquid extraction Thermo BDS HYPERSIL C18 water (ammonium acetate: 30mmol/l, formic acid 2.6mmol/l, trifluoroacetic acid 0.13mmol/l) and acetonitrile (60:40, V/V) MS/ESI LOD were 0.4, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.2ng/ml for VEN, ODV, NDV and DDV resp. 134 HPLC Plasma Venlafaxine ,O-di desmethylvenlafaxine solid-phase extraction with C1 cartridges reversed-phase column -C8 75% aqueous phosphate buffer containing triethylamine and 25% acetonitrile Fluorescence detector LOQ 1.0ngmL1 and LOD 0.3ngmL1 39 GC-MS oral fluid amitryptiline, paroxetine and sertraline solid-phase extraction with Bond elute column {Acid compounds were eluted with acetone while basic and neutral compounds with dichloromethane:isopropanol:ammonium (80:20:2, v/v/v)} methylsilicone capillary column Carrier gas He, Flow rate 0.8ml/min selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. Between0.9 and 44.2ng/ml (LOQ) 55 HPLC Plasma citalopram and its metabolites SPE (Waters Oasis HLB cartridges) reversed-phase column -C18 40% acetonitrile: 60% aqueous tetramethylammonium perchlorate Fluorescence detection at 300 nm, exciting at 238 nm (LOQ) 1.5 ng mL1 citalopram and desmethylcitalopram , 2.0 ng mL1 for didesmethylcitalopram 124 HPLC Plasma fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, mirtazapine, milnacipram, venlafaxine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, norfluoxetine, O-desmethyl venlafaxine, desmethylmirtazapine liquid-liquid extraction Symmetry C8 acetonitrile-phosphate buffer 10 mM UV (230 nm and 290 nm) LOD, 25 to 500 ng/mL (100-2000 ng/mL for venlafaxine and its metabolite), LOQ, 25 ng/mL (100 ng/mL for venlafaxine and its metabolite) 142 HPLC-MS Blood fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, Citalopram, norfluoxetine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram, desmethylvenlafaxine, and desmethylmirtazapine liquid-liquid extraction. XTerra RP18 column Acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (4 mmol/L) Tandem mass spectrometre LOD, 5-500 ng/mL (20-2000 ng/mL for venlafaxine and desmethylvenlafaxine) and LOQ, 5 ng/mL (venlafaxine and desmethylvenlafaxine: 20 ng/mL) 143 HPLC Serum fluvoxamine, milnacipran, paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, venlafaxine, desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram and norfluoxetine liquid-liquid extraction. Beckman C18 reversed-phase column (50%, v/v) acetonitrile in a sodium phosphate buffer (0.05 M with pH 3.8) UV (200.4 nm) 15 ng/ml -fluoxetine, 25 ng/ml-venlafaxine, norfluoxetine, citalopram and its metabolites, 40 ng/ml- sertraline, 50 ng/ml-fluvoxamine 127 Capillary Liquid chromatography Plasma citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and their metabolites reversed-phase C8 SPE Kromasil, C18 acetonitrile-45 mM ammonium formate (25:75, v/v). UV LOQ between 0.05 to 0.26 M 42 HPLC Plasma fluoxetine and norfluoxetine Sample treated with acetonitrile and isolated supernatants were directly injected Discovery C18 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (40: 60) ESI- Tandem Mass spectrometre, (m/z 310 m/z 44.3 for fluoxetine, m/z 296 m/z 134 for norfluoxetine) LOD, fluoxetine, 0.02 ng/mL and 0.03 ng/mL, norfluoxetine 95 RP-HPLC Serum Sertraline liquid- liquid extraction. cyano column 63:37 (v/v) methanol-sodium phosphate buffer (0.05M) containing 2mLL1 triethylamine Fluorescence detector LOQ up to 2ngmL 111 LC-MS/MS plasma Sertraline, N-desmethyl sertraline liquid-liquid extraction Betasil C8 column 750 mL methanol + 250 mL deionized water + 2.5 mL, 1.0 M ammonium trifluoroacetate. tandem mass spectrometry SER, NDS were were m/z 306.2159.0, 292.1159.0, resp. 12 LC-MS/MS Plasma venlafaxine (VEN) and O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) SPE Betasil C18 column isocratic tandem mass spectrometry m/z 278.27121.11 for VEN, m/z 264.28107.10 for ODV 144 RP-HPLC Pharmaceutical formulations. Olanzapine, fluoxetine. _ Inertsil C18 reversed phase column 40:30:30 (v/v/v) mixture of 9.5mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, acetonitrile methanol UV LOQ, 0.005 0.001gmL1 for olanzapine and fluoxetine resp. 145 HPLC-MS-MS Plasma Citalopram, fluvoxamine and paroxetine On-line SPE with column switching.(Oasis/HLB) Oasis HLB and Symmetry C18 Formic acid in water and acetonitrile Triple stage, APCI, positive mode, SRM LLOQ, 20 microg/ L for citalopram fluvoxamine and 10 microg/L/ for paroxetine. LOD, 5 microg/ L for all 131 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Citalopram LLE Hypersil BDS C8 Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Citalopram 0.50-250ng/mL 146 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine LLE Lichrospher 100 RP-8 E Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine 2.5-250ng/mL, norfluoxetine 10-250ng/mL 147 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Sertraline SPE Beta Basic C-8 Aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Analytical range, Sertraline 0.5-60.0ng/mL 148 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine Stir bar sorptive extraction Luna C18 Aqueous ammonium acetate and methanol ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine 10-500ng/mL 74 LC-MS(/MS) Plasma Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine and venlafaxine SPE C18 Aqueous ammonium acetate and acetonitrile ESI, positive mode, SIM Analytical range, Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine 5.0-1,000.0ng/mL 149 LC-MS Plasma Citalopram liquid-liquid extraction Hypersil BDS C8 microbore column 10mM ammonium formate- formic acid and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) Positive electrospray ionization with selected ion monitoring mode. m/z- 325 citalopram, m/z- 281 imipramine, LOQ- 0.50 ng/ml. 75 HPLC-MS/ ESI Plasma Fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine and venlafaxine SPE Macherey- NA Gel C18 column Water (formic acid 0.6%, ammonium acetate 30mmol/l) and acetonitrile, 35:65 (v/v) Electron spray ionization LOD, Fluoxetine 0.5, citalopram 0.3, paroxetine 0.3 and venlafaxine 0.1 ng/ml 80 HPLC Plasma Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine liquid-liquid extraction Reverse phase C18 column Phosphate buffer and acetonitrile Fluorescence detector LOD, 3mg/l 76 LC-MS(/MS) Serum 20 antidepressants: amoxapine, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, paroxetine, sertraline, trimipramine, nortriptyline, monodesmethylcitalopram, desmethylclomipramine, desipramine, norfluoxetine, desmethylmianserin,N-des methylsertraline On-line extraction using column switching Cyclone and Xterra MS C18 Ammonium acetate in water, formic acid in acetonitrile and water Triple stage, ESI, positive mode, SRM Analytical range for all compounds, 10-500ng/mL 150 LC-MS/MS Oral Fluid and Plasma amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, citalopram and venlafaxine and their metabolites nortriptyline, desipramine, norclomipramine and norfluoxetine. Automated SPE Sunfire C18 IS Column Acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0; 2 mM) tandem mass spectrometer (ESI+ mode) with triple quadrupole LLOQ -2 ng/ L (except clomipramine LmsZLOQ -10 ng/ L) for both oral fluid and plasma 151 HPLC Urine and Plasma amitriptyline, imipramine and sertraline hollow fiber-based (polypropylene) liquid phase microextraction Zorbax Extend C18 column 0.02 M acetic acid solution and methanol (54:46) (pH 4.0) UV-VIS LOD found between 0.5 and 0.7 g L1 85 GC-MS Urine fluoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, mitrazapine, citalopram SPMES CP-SIL C8 He- carrier gas (floe rate- 1.2 ml/min) MS with Electron Impact Ionisation Less than 0.4ng/ml-1 Salgado petinal Abbreviations: APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to toxic or fatal drug interactions and these also encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used in the detection and characterization of various Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focused on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world. Non-destructive and sophisticated instrumental techniques can also build a new strategy of examination and inves tigation for the drugs of interest. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern. Despite the success of all validate methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations in bioanalytical studies releated to forensic cases which needs fast, sensitive and non-destructive methods of analysis. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from forensic prospect. Acknowledgement: This study is carried out at the Department of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India. I am indebted to Professor Y. 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Rosas ME, Preston KL, Epstein DH, Moolchan ET, Wainer IW, Quantitative determination of the enantiomers of methadone and its metabolite (EDDP) in human saliva by enantioselective liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. B 796 (2) (2003) 355-370. Fritz Pragst and Marie A. Balikova, State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse, J. Clinica. Chimica. Acta, 370 (1-2) (2006) 17-49. . Musshoff F, Madea B, Analytical pitfalls in hair testing, J. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 388 (2007) 1475-1494 Kintz P, Tracqui A, Mangin P, Detection of drugs in human hair for clinical and forensic application, Int. J. Legal Med. 105 (1992) 1-4. . Ferrara SD, Quantification of Citalopram or Escitalopram and Their Demethylated Metabolites in Neonatal Hair Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, J. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 30(4) (2008), 467-73. U.G. Sidelmann, U. Braumann, M. Hofmann, M. Spraul, J.C. Lindon, J.K. Nicholson and S.H. Hansen, Directly Coupled 800 MHz HPLCNMR Spectroscopy of Urine and Its Application to the Identification of the Major Phase II Metabolites of Tolfenamic Acid, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 69 (4) (1997) 607-612. Maurer HH, Tenberken O, Kratzsch C, Weber AA, Peters FT, Screening for library-assisted identification and fully validated quantification of 22 beta-blockers in blood plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, J. Chromatogr. A, 26 (2004) 169-181. Leikin JZB, Watson WA, Postmoterm Toxicology; what the dead can and cannot tell us, J.Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 41 (1) (2003) 47-56. Leikin JZB, Watson WA, Postmoterm Toxicology; what the dead can and cannot tell us. J.Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41 (1) (2003) 47-56. Cook DS, Braithwaithe RA, Hale KA, Estimation antemortem drug concentrations from post mortem blood samples: The influence of postmortem redistribution, J. Clin. Pathology 53 (4) (2000) 282-285. OH Drimmer, Gerostamonios J, Postmortem drug analysis: Analytical and Toxicological aspects, J. The. Drug Monit. 24(2) (2002) 199- 209. Kintz P, Value of hair analysis in postmoterm toxicology, J. Forensic Sci.Int 142 (2-3) (2004) 127-24. Robert D. Johnson, et al., The Distribution of Fluoxetine in Human Fluids and Tissues, J. Analytical Toxicology, 31 (7) (2007) 409-414. Ilett KF, Judith H Kristensen,2 L Peter Hackett,3 Michael Paech,4 Rolland Kohan,5 and Jonathan Rampono Distribution of venlafaxine and its O-desmethyl metabolite in human milk and their effects in breastfed infants British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53(1) (2002), 17-22. TeresaGray and MarilynHuestis, Bioanalytical procedures for monitoring in utero drug exposure, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. August. 388(7) (2007) 1455-1465. Mortier KA, De Leenheer AP, Determination of paramethoxyamphetamine and other amphetamine-related designer drugs by liquid chromatography/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry, J. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16 (9) (2002), 865-870. Nicholas H. Snow, Solid-phase micro-extraction of drugs from biological matrices, J. Chromatography A, 885 (1-2) (2000) 445-455. Fernandes C, Jiayu P, Sandra P, Lanas FM, Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction-LC-MS for the Analysis of Fluoxetine in Plasma, Chromatographia 64 (9-10) (2006), 517-521. Constantinos Pistos, Irene Panderi and Julia Atta-Politou, Liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry method for the quantification of citalopram in human plasma, J. Chromatography B, 810 (2) (2004) 235-244. RF Suckow, MF Zhang and TB Cooper, Sensitive and selective liquid-chromatographic assay of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in plasma with fluorescence detection after precolumn derivatization, Journal of Clinical Chemistry, l 38 (1992) 1756-1761. Ming Yao, Vinod R. Shah, Wen Chyi Shyu and Nuggehally R. Srinivas, Sensitive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous quantitation of nefazodone and its metabolites hydroxynefazodone m-chlorophenylpiperazine and triazole-dione in human plasma using single-ion monitoring, J. Chromatography: Biomedical Applications, 718 (1) (1998) 77-85. Macek J, Ptacek P, Klima J, Rapid determination of citalopram in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography , J. Chromatography B, 755 (1-2) (2001) 279-285. Bakkali, E. Corta, J. I. Ciria, L. A. Berrueta, B. Gallo, F. Vicente, Solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection for the assay of antidepressant drugs in human plasma, J. Talanta, 49 (4) (1999) 773-783. He Juan, Zhou Zhiling and Li Huande, Simultaneous determination of fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, venlafaxine in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J. Chromatography B, 820 (1) (2005) 33-39. Green R, Houghton R, Scarth J, Gregory C, Determination of Fluoxetine and its Major Active Metabolite Norfluoxetine in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, J. Chromatographia, 55 (2002)133-S136. MartaCruz-Vera, RafaelLucena1, SoledadCrdenas1 and MiguelValcrcel, Combined use of carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid to improve the determination of antidepressants in urine samples by liquid chromatography, J. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 391(4) (2008) 1139-1145. Andrea Rodrigues Chaves, Glaico Chiericato Jniora and Maria Eugnia Costa Queiroz, Solid-phase microextraction using poly(pyrrole) film and liquid chromatography with UV detection for analysis of antidepressants in plasma samples, J. Chromatography B, 877 (7) (2009) 587-593. S. Ulrich and J. Martens, Solid-phase microextraction with capillary gas-liquid chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorus selective detection for the assay of antidepressant drugs in human plasma, J. Chromatogr. B, 696 (2) (1997) 217-234. Ali Esrafili, Yadollah Yamini, Shahab Shariati, Hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for extraction and determination of some antidepressant drugs in biological fluids, J. Analytica Chimica Acta, 604 (2) (2007) 127-113. F. Sporkert and F. Pragst, Use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in hair analysis for organic compounds , J. Forensic Science International, 107 (1-3) (2000) 129-148. 87. X.P. Lee, T. Kumazawa, K. Sato and O. Suzuki.Detection of tricyclic antidepressants in whole blood by headspace solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 35 (7) (1997) 302-308. A. Namera, M. Yasjiki and T. Kojima. In: J. Pawliszyn, Editor, Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1999, 510. J. Tytgat and P. Daenens, Solvent-free sample preparation by headspace solid-phase microextraction applied to the tracing of n-butyl nitrite abuse, Int. J. Legal Med. 109 (1996) 150-154. . J. R. Veraart and U. A. Th. Brinkman, Dialysis-solid-phase extraction combined on-line with non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for improved detectability of tricyclic antidepressants in biological samples, J.Chromatography A, 922, (1-2) (2001) 339-346. J.R. Veraart, J. van Hekezen, M.C.E. Groot, C. Gooijer, H. Lingeman, N.H. Velthorst and U.A.Th. Brinkman Electrophoresis 19 (1998) 2944. J.R. Veraart, M.C.E. Groot, C. Gooijer, H. Lingeman, N.H. Velthorst and U.A.Th. Brinkman, On-line dialysis-SPE-CE of acidic drugs in biological samples, J. Analyst, 124 (1999)115. Andrea Rodrigues Chaves, Silvana Maciel Silva, Regina Helena Costa Queiroz, Fernando Mauro Lancas, Maria Eugenia Costa Queiroz,Stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography with UV detection for determination of antidepressants in plasma samples, J. Chromatography B, 850, (1-2) (2007) 295-302. L.P. Melo, A.M. Nogueira, F.M. Lanas, M.E.C. Queiroz, Polydimethylsiloxane/polypyrrole stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography (SBSE/LC-UV) analysis of antidepressants in plasma samples, J. Analytica Chimica Acta, 633 (1) (2009) 57-64. HailinZhu, JinwenLuo, GuogangZheng and JianzhongShenTuet, Sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for assay of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine in human plasma and application of method to pharmacokinetic analysis, 64 (9) (2009) 941-950. Wayne M. Mullett, Determination of drugs in biological fluids by direct injection of samples for liquid-chromatographic analysis, J. Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 70 (2) (2007) 263-273. Lexi-Comp (September 2008). https://www.merck.com/mmpe/lexicomp/nefazodone.html. Retrieved on November 29, 2008. haffer D, Craft L. Methods of adolescent suicide prevention, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 60(2) (1999) 70-4. Peterson T. et al., A survey of prescribing practices in the treatment of depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, (Elsevier) 26(1) (2002): 177-87. . Nice, Depression: Management of Depression in Primary and Secondary care National Institute for Clinical Excellence; London, 2004. (101. P Mc. Manus et al., Recent Trends in the use of Antidepressant Drugs in Australia, 1990-1998, 2000, Med. J. Aus 173 (9): 458-61.) Wayne D Hall, Andrea Mant, Philip B Mitchell, Valerie A Rendle, Ian B Hickie, Peter McManus, Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Australia, 1991-2000: trend analysis, J. Biomedical 326 (2003) 1008-11. Michael Bauer, Prescribing patterns of antidepressants in Europe: Results from the Factors Influencing Depression Endpoints Research (FINDER) stud J. European Psychiatry, 23(1) (2008) 66-7. Isacsson G. Suicide prevention : A medical breakthrough? J. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 102 (2000) 113-117. I.M. Anderson, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability, J. Affect. Disord. 58 (2000) 19-36. Kobayashi K, Ishizuka T, Shimada N, Yoshimura Y, Kamijima K, Chiba K, Sertraline N-demethylation is catalyzed by multiple isoforms of human cytochrome P-450 in vitro, J. Drug Metab. Dispos. 27 (7) (1999) 763-766. Obach RS, Cox LM, Tremaine LM, Sertraline is metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes, monoamine oxidases, and glucuronyl transferases in human: an in vitro study, J. Drug Metab. Dispos. 33 (2) (2005) 262-70. D.R.A. Uges and J.M.H. Conemans, Handbook of Analytical Separations, Elsevier Science (2000) p. 229. Shuguang Ma, Recent advances in applications of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of reactive drug metabolites, J. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 179 (1) (2009) 25-37. Hostetter A, Ritchie JC, Stowe ZN, Amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood concentrations of antidepressants in three women, J. Biol. Psychiatry, 48 (10) (2000) 1032-1034. Hendrick V, Stowe ZN, Altshuler LL, Hwang S, Lee E, Haynes D. Placental passage of antidepressant medications, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160 (5) (2003) 993-996. GholamrezaBahrami, MohammadiBahareh, Farshchi Amir, GhiasiGolbarg, Quantitative Analysis of Sertraline in Human Serum by LC with Fluorescence Detection After Pre-Column Derivatization with 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, J. 70 (1-2) (2009) 323-327. Lucca A et al., J. Therepeutic Drug Monitoring, 22 (2002), 271-276. (not getting) Alessandro Musenga , Ernst Kenndler , Laura Mercolini , Mario Amore , Salvatore Fanali , Maria Augusta Raggi, Determination of sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline in human plasma by CE with LIF detection, J. Electrophoresis, 28 (2007) 1823-1831. https://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/fluoxetine_cp.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-14. https://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/fluoxetine_cp.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-14. Manuela T. Maya, Constantino R. Domingos, M. Teresa Guerreiro, Jose A. Morais, Determination of the antidepressant fluoxetine in human plasma by LC with UV detection, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 23 (6) (2000) 989-996. 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Fanali, Determination of Recent Antidepressant Citalopram in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Fluorescence Detection, J. Chromatographia, 57 (5/6) (2003) 273. Otton S. V, Ball S. E, Cheung S. W, Inaba T, Rudolph R. L, Sellers E. M. Venlafaxine oxidation in vitro is catalysed by CYP2D6, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41 (1996) 149-156. Fogelman S. M, Schmider, J, Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke L. L, Harmatz J. S, Shader R. I, Greenblatt D, O- and N-demethylation of venlafaxine invitro by human liver microsomes and by microsomes from c-DNA transfected cells: effect of metabolic inhibitors and SSRI antidepressants, J. Neuropsychopharmacology, 20 (5) (1999) 480490. G. Tournel, N. Houdret, V. Hedouin, M. Deveaux, D. Gosset and M. Lhermitte, High-performance liquid chromatographic method to screen and quantitate seven selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in human serum, J. chromatography B , 761 (2001) 147-158. Wilson Roberto Malfara, Carlo Bertucci, Maria Eugnia Costa Queiroz, Sonia Ap. Dreossi Carvalho, Maria de Lourdes Pires Bianchi, Evandro Jose Cesarino, Jose Alexandre Crippa and Regina Helena Costa Queiroz, Reliable HPLC method for therapeutic drug monitoring of frequently prescribed tricyclic and nontricyclic antidepressants, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 44 (4) (2007) 955-962. J.F. Nash, R.J. Bopp, R.H. Carmichael, K.Z. Farid and L. Lemberger. Determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in plasma by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection, J. Clin. Chem. 28 (1982) 2100-2102. V. Dixit, H. Nguyen and V.M. Dixit, Solid-phase extraction of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine from serum with gas chromatographyelectron-capture detection, J. Chromatogr. 563 (1991), pp. 379-384. S. Joron and H. Robert, Simultaneous determination of antidepressant drugs and metabolites by HPLC. Design and validation of a simple and reliable analytical procedure J. Biomed. Chromatogr. 8 (1994) 158-164. P.I. Orsulak et al.. J. Clin. Chem. 349 (1988) 1875-1878. P. 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Jignesh Bhatt, Arvind Jangid, Gantala Venkatesh, Gunta Subbaiah, Sadhana Singh, Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine in human plasma, J. of Chromatography B, 829 (1-2) (2005) 75-81. B.VenkateswaraReddy, K. V. N. Suresh Reddy, J. Sreeramulu, G. V. Kanumula, Simultaneous Determination of Olanzapine and Fluoxetine by HPLC, J. 66 (1-2) (2007) 111-114. Pistos C, Panderi I, Atta-Politou J, Liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry method for the quantification of citalopram in human plasma, J. Chromatogr B, 810 (2) (2004) 235-244. Djordjevic S, Kovacevic I, Miljkovic B, Vuksanovic J, Pokrajac M, Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human plasma: application to clinical study, J. Farmaco, 60 (2005):345-349. 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The Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It

Critical Reasoning Essay 3: British Empiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience. This radical way of thinking began in the 17th century, with John Locke often regarded as the â€Å"father of British empiricism† after writing the 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding and within this thesis arguing directly against philosophers such as Descartes and particularly opposing views on innate ideas and how a person comes to conclusions of concepts and whether ideas are born into the mind from birth or not. Locke’s views were certainly not universally accepted but did help the rise of British empiricism and led to the more radical empiricists such as Berkeley, who although disagreeing largely with much of what Locke said, regarding it as â€Å"abstract general ideas†, added to British empiricism hugely. Empiricism began in the 17th-18th centuries for a number of reasons, including scientific advances and a search for ‘new certains’. Arguably more importantly, the ReformationShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of The Enlightenment Period1488 Words   |  6 Pagespeople go about their days. Without even realizing it, people have been molded by the enlightenment period, allowing themselves to face new ideas with an open mind . The grand designs of this period were empiricism, rationalism, and natural law, each still essential to the 21st century. Empiricism, the theory that all knowledge is gained through experience and that we are all born with a clean slate (tabula rasa in latin), has a large following. An example of this today is how many consider an olderRead MorePsychology Is The Study Of Behavior And Mental Processes972 Words   |  4 Pagesthinking of it, psychology is the study of the psyche, or soul. As Carl Jung stated â€Å"Every psychology problem needs a spirit ual solution†. By this he means the only way to solve problems psychologically, people must understand themselves in â€Å"breathe, spirit, and soul†. Psychology does not only study the overt actions of humans such as smiling or talking, but also studies the covert activities in each other s minds. Where do thoughts come? That’s a very commonly asked question. Psychology is here toRead MoreThe Methods Of Knowing Provided By Entwistle1602 Words   |  7 Pages(2015). There are 4 for epistemic methods of knowing. The four methods are logic, empriricism, revelation, and hermeneutics (Entwistle, 2015). Logic, deals with the assumption that an individual can separate fact from belief by using rationality. Empiricism is a methos that is based off experience, alone. This give responsibility to the individual, and they are to â€Å"evaluate† and compare their claims of knowledge by their experiences. 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Essay on Differences and Similarities between Reagan and...

Differences and Similarities Between Reagan and Gorbachev The Cold War, which started sometime in the 1940’s, was a large quarrel between the United States and the Soviet Union. This dispute involved a lot of propaganda and threats of nuclear warfare. Despite all of the trouble though, after over forty years of fighting, the two leaders of these countries (Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev) would finally work out a solution. However, although they did reach an agreement, there were many differences between these two men. One way in which these men were dissimilar is that they were leaders of different countries, each with their own ideas and opinions on how things should be dealt with. For example, Ronald Reagan was the president†¦show more content†¦This is especially true for Gorbachev because he knew that The Cold War needed to end. However, in taking the steps to do this, Gorbachev eventually caused the collapse of The Soviet Union. However, in the end, he was ending the war for the greater good. This is a respectable and admirable trait of Gorbachev that is known globally. Another characteristic that Reagan and Gorbachev shared was how popular they were with the American people. Ronald Reagan was a popular president by the end of his time, and most Americans liked and respected him. Mikhail Gorbachev was also well respected by the Americans because he allowed the destruction of the Berlin wall and was eventually to blame for the fall of the Soviet Union. The United States saw Gorbachev as both an ally and a friend. The Soviets on the other hand had mixed opinions on him. This makes him dissimilar to Reagan because he was not popular with his own people. In addition to this similarity, Reagan and Gorbachev also shared yet another attribute. This trait was that these two men worked immensely to put an end to The Cold War. They were able to do this in many ways. For example, Reagan and Gorbachev swapped letters multiple times on business. These letters show that these two men worked together and e ventually became acquaintances. These men showed diligence in their dealings with oneShow MoreRelatedPresident Ronald Reagan’s speech at the Berlin Brandenburg Gate1310 Words   |  5 Pagesthat came out of President Ronald Reagan’s speech at the Berlin Brandenburg Gate on June 12, 1987. Speaking to the Soviet leader Mikahil Gorbachev, Reagan was calling for the unification of East and West Germany. With the destruction of the wall, he believed it would bring not only Germany prosperity, but The Soviet Union as well. During this speech, President Reagan brings forth the benefits of tearing down the wall and unifying Germany once again. He introduces his strategies to create freedom, economicRead MorePresident Reagan s Visionary And Ethical Leadership1298 Words   |  6 PagesRonald W. Reagan American presidents are often faced with making decisions and implementing plans that affect the lives of so many people. America’s 40th president, Ronald Reagan, through his leadership prevented a nuclear war with the Soviet Union and avoided the loss of American lives in Libya. President Reagan was an effective visionary leader and an ethical leader when he negotiated with the Soviet Union to avoid nuclear war and prevented Americans from being harmed in Libya. I will showRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Leningrad 1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto write the song Leningrad. The friendship of Joel and Viktor was sparked by Viktor coming to all of Joel’s Russian tour performances. Throughout the song Joel references both his own life and Viktor’s while growing up and portrays the differences and similarities they both faced. This method of recollection is effective in that it becomes a symbol for the easing of tensions in a cold war that in this point of time seemed unnecessary (Holden). Joel plays on the listener’s past experiences and attemptsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis2049 Words   |  9 PagesUS was completely righteous during the era, as well as praise Ronald Reagan and convince that he was the reason the USSR collapsed in the first place. The praise for Reagan is made apparent when the author believes â€Å"for Reagan was as skillful a politician as the nation had seen for many years†(Gaddis 217). The author starts off the book with addressing the central issue between the US and USSR, which highlights the big differences of ideologies that each of these superpowers possessed. Gaddis explainsRead MoreSoviet Union As Powerful Middle Class Nations Today Essay2191 Words   |  9 Pagesdid not last long. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, and this began the fall of the Soviet Union. The election of Ronald Reagan also helps embitter the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. He views the Soviet Union as a â€Å"the evil empire†(286). With the upcoming of a new generation, came new leaders in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was chosen as the general secretary of the Communist Party in 1985 and had a more modern view on the way the Soviet Union should beRead MoreThe Debate Of Strategic Nuclear Policy1863 Words   |  8 Pagesaggressive hostility of the Soviet Union. By 1963 however, the resolution of the missile crisis made possible the first significant arms control agreement, I.E. the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty. The treaty marked a tactical change in the relations between the two superpowers. All these events lead to concrete planning regarding the use of nuclear weapons. Robert McNamara, then defense secretary, stated in a speech in 1962 ‘principle military objectives in the event of a nuclear war against the NATORead MorePaper Exam 2 History Ib9416 Words   |  38 Pagesaccept merchant navy role) and the use of submarine warfare. The use of aircraft carriers can be used for either naval or sea power pu rposes. The contribution of air and naval power differs according to the war chosen – though there were often similarities in the use, for example, of naval power as an instrument of enforcing blockade as part of a war of attrition. This was certainly so in both world wars. Air power was greater in impact in the second of the world wars in terms of not only the typeRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesGrowth Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson NBER Working Paper No. 10481 May 2004 JEL No. N11, N13, N15, N16, N17, O10, P10, P17 ABSTRACT This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two quasi-natural experiments in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutionsRead MoreGp Essay M ainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pageswith whole range of in-depth technical guides but serve as a distraction, hopping from link to link †¢ Distractions due to sheer variety of content and multimedia can be both especially tempting and exceptionally deadly †¢ Clear psychological difference to reading a novel manuscript off a laptop screen and actually cradling the hardcopy edition in one’s hand (simple sentimentalities?) 1b. New: narcissistic Intro: †¢ Gone were the days when the chance of seeing one’s name in a printed publicationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthey earned their livings, and their unprecedented ability to move about the globe. Moya and McKeown set the patterns of migration in the twentieth century against those extending back millennia, and they compare in imaginative ways the similarities and differences among diverse flows in different geographical areas and across ethnic communities and social strata. They consider not only the nature, volume, and direction of migrant movements motivated primarily by opportunities for economic advancement—including